Essay on The Egyptian Process of Mummification - 906 Words

The Egyptian Process of Mummification In ancient Egyptian society, preserving a body after death was an important process necessary for entrance into an immortal existence. According to Egyptian belief the soul did not die. The soul would take the form of a bird usually a falcon and fly around in the world of the living returning later its dead body. The importance of preserving the body revolved around the idea that the roaming soul would be able to recognize the right body and return to it. As a result of this theology, Egyptians developed an effective system of embalming. The Egyptian embalming process was a significant and complicated process performed by priests. Employing a crooked piece of iron the brain†¦show more content†¦The most well known mummies are those of Egyptian Pharaohs. The body of Tutankhamun is the most renowned fully intact mummy. Several other royal mummies have survived the centuries but they have been re-wrapped and stripped of their jewels. Re-wrapped mummies were not properly completed and were always hurried(for fear of divine retribution). The Egyptians worshipped several animals. Divine animals such as cats, jackals, hawks, and bulls were allowed the same mummification privilege as humans. Entire cemeteries were reserved for animals. The cat cemeteries were situated around Bubastis the center of worship of the cat goddess Bastet. Underground catacombs house hundreds of thousands of mummified hawks. It was common practice for visitors to the catacombs to purchase an animal mummy and dedicate it to a specific animal god in return for a favour. Nevertheless, most of these animal mummies when unwrapped contained no sacred animal, but twigs and sawdust. The manufacture of phoney mummies would hundreds of years later in the eighteen century again generate big business. The process of mummification was so esteemed that major criminals would not be executed but denied being mummified. In another case, a prince who attempted to assassinate Ramesses II was mummified alive. The wretched pose of this prince would suggest he was asphyxiated. Another suggestion, is that the prince was impaled on aShow MoreRelatedAncient Egypt : The Egyptian God Anubis Essay1244 Words   |  5 Pagesaspects of Egyptian lives, political structure, cultural achievement and art. Their religion consisted of up 2000 gods and goddess. Only some were worshiped universally throughout Egypt. They were often represented as being half human and half animal. As an example, the Egyptian god Anubis was half man and half jackal. He is associated with mummification and the afterlife in Egyptian mythology. Egyptian religion was oriented toward people s’ attainment of immortality signified by mummification/preservationRead MoreProcedures And The Afterlife, Ancient Egypt1686 Words   |  7 Pagesstunning architecture, which has inspired cultures for thousands of years, to the mummification of the royalty and the priest. I believe that understanding this material will allow us to better understand the motivations of the people who lived through this time. It will allow us to understand what motivated these people to achieve so much in their time. It is through this study into humanities that the ancient Egyptians go from being a mysterious culture that amazes us to humans who shared many ofRead MoreAncient Egypt : The Greatest Civilization Of The Past863 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore falling to the roman’s control. Egypt is most known for its pyramids, mummies, pharaohs, and its’ polytheistic religion. The Egyptians answer to the terrible question â€Å"Why are we here?† The Egyptians believed that they were to spend their lives preparing for their afterlife as seen through their literature, architecture, and burial rituals. Furthermore, The Egyptians most famous preparation for the afterlife is easiest seen through their architecture. The early kings of Egypt would spend theirRead MoreMy New Journey At Kiaria O. Brown Mortuary Inc. Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesout to travel to Port Said, Egypt for Queen Nefertiti Ancient Egyptian Funerary. As the team conduct normal procedures before the day start, I prepare to get the necessary tools to prep the deceased for mummification, the most important process we have to commence after a person has died. Ms. Nefertiti would be buried in paradise known as The Field of Reeds, where her soul would be tested. The Field of Reeds is known to the Egyptians as A’aru, which they believed the afterlife of the eternal soulRead MoreThe Afterlife Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesland of the Egyptians. There he looks at mummification, a death ritual in Egypt with a Greek perspective. I would like to examine the similarities and differences between the Greeks and Egypt ian death rituals through comparing their meaning of death, processes of burial, and their journey through death. Before we can look at burial rituals we first need to understand what death meant to the Egyptians and the Greeks. The Egyptians and Greeks both believed in eternal life. The Egyptians believed thatRead MoreAncient Egypt And The Egyptian Civilization902 Words   |  4 Pagesstands out is Ancient Egypt. The Egyptians were one of the very few that arose to civilization independently, and accomplished many impressive things along the way. The Egyptian civilization stretched along the lower reaches of the Nile River in Northeastern Africa. Religion was at the core of everything that the Egyptians were and they stood firm for what they believed in. Their religion was based on polytheism, which was the belief of many gods. The Egyptians had 2000 or more gods or goddessRead MoreThe Art of Mummification Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesIn this occupation certain persons employ themselves regularly and inherit this as a craft. (Herodotus) Just as Herodotus recorded, mummification dates back to early 3rd millennium B.C. It may date back many years, but was not perfected till many years later to what we officially call mummification. (Dunand 27) We call it mummification and the bodies mummies because of the Persian word for bitumen, which is mummia. The reason for this name is because of the dark skin of mummies, which peopleRead MoreEssay on Mummification735 Words   |  3 PagesIt started thousands of years ago when the first Egyptian was mummified by the natural sand found in the Sahara desert. Mummification is a meth od of preservation of a dead body. By performing this procedure, it assists the deceased to reach the Afterworld. There are three main methods of mummification, each depending of the wealth of the deceased. In this essay you will discover how pharaohs and high officials were mummified. Once the person has died, he or she is taken to the ibu, also knownRead MoreMasks Of Deceased Persons : Ancient Egypt792 Words   |  4 PagesThe most important process of the funeral ceremony in ancient Egypt was the mummification of the body, which, after prayers and consecration, was put into a sarcophagus enameled and decorated with gold and gems. A special element of the rite was a sculpted mask, put on the face of the deceased. This mask was believed to strengthen the spirit of the mummy and guard the soul from evil spirits on its way to the afterworld. The best known mask is that of Tutankhamun now in the Egyptian Antiquities MuseumRead MoreEssay about Tutankhamuns Tomb935 Words   |  4 Pagesthe utmost significant archaeological discoveries of the century. The treasures found were stored in the following parts of the tomb the Antechamber Annex, and then the Burial Chamber and Treasury. The Ancient Egyptians believed in the afterlife. The customs and beliefs of the Ancient Egyptians called for the preservation of the body and extensive provisions for the after-life which were buried with them in the tomb. These treasures were seen as a continuation of the life of the Pharaoh before his death

Coke Cola Face Csr Problem in India Free Essays

(1)Indian government traditionally undervalue the business activities. Politics and leisure are gained more value than work. While in U. We will write a custom essay sample on Coke Cola Face Csr Problem in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. , American dream emphasis on working hard for personal value, business and politics gain the same social respect. (2)India has many political and legal issues with foreign investors. Indian law to some extent is ambiguous when handling the lawsuits with foreign investors,which may have been the reason causing problems for Coke’s operations in India? 3) Both countries may have different ways of doing businesses. Foreign investors should consider the fact that every culture is different and they need their own practices (polycentric), if Coke still thinks its American style of business operation is better and practices it in India(ethnocentric), the consumers in India will regard those practices as wrong and inappropriate. This could also have been the reason why India blame on the water contamination and shortage caused by Coke. Coke and Pepsi iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/coke-and-pepsi-learn-to-compete-in-india/embed/#?secret=jfNzeYzbz9" data-secret="jfNzeYzbz9" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Coke and Pepsi#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe As the Indian people interpret silence as guilt, thus the representatives of Coke should response quickly: firstly, to apologize for the destroying of water resources in India, and then do some compensation for the local people. secondly,find ways independently or Corporate with authoritative NGOS to solve the problem. It is very important for Coke to built good reputation and consumer loyalty in international market. thirdly, learn from what Pepsi does: doing CSR such as digging village wells, trying best to reduce water waste,etc. these measures could help to interact with local people, improve relationships with government and the public. From global standardization to localization Change the style of advertisement to fit the flavor of Indian people. Add some Indian cultural factors to the can package. Take more CSR as what Pepsi did. Improving relationships with Indian government and the public. Start to communicate with local consumers, and response quickly. Because in India, keep silence means guilty,even though India and U. S. both speak English, because of different value, culture and social environment, miscommunication may exists; on the plus side, it is the best way to understand the need or complain of Coke’s consumers. 1) MNCs should overcome Parochialism–view the world through their own perspectives, and the simplification–the process of exhibiting the same orientation toward different culture groups. Because doing things the same way in foreign markets as they are done in domestic markets may arise more conflicts when involving in cross-cultural management. In this case, Coke prefers i ndividualism to achieve their own value in India, while India is a society respect more about politics than business, Coke did not improve the relationships with bureaucratic offices and finally it brings trouble to Coke about the pesticide findings. MNCs should set up unique human resource management system to fit for local employees, improve communication effectiveness to reduce misunderstanding among multicultural groups in the company, for example, to provide language and cultural training, to improve feedback system. Internally, to select CSR practices that fit with the company’s existing capabilities; externally, work with NGOS, pragmatically respect local culture and protect the environment. How to cite Coke Cola Face Csr Problem in India, Papers

Wearable Technology Pitch

Question: Describe about the Wearable Technology Pitch? Answer: Abstract In Current competitive ecology, security worries actually have developed extremely. In the modern era, ownership is actually seen to be the 9/10'ths of the law. Therefore, it also is very important intended for a person to be capable to defend own possessions from the experienced harms like thefts, obliteration of the property, public along with hateful intention etc. Therefore, firms can developed a methodology towards detection of motion in any video stream ecology as well as this also is a design towards ensuring that observing schemes not merely vigorously contribute within discontinuation of crime, yet do so at time when crime also is actually taking place. Today snatching at time of morning walk and also many other harms are done to people when they are out from home. Hence, this system can be used to appropriately detect several motions within a live brook video as well as once the motion gets noticeable in live stream, software would trigger a proper caution scheme plus captu re live streaming video (Buurman, 2005). Strength of the Customers within Todays World Just single solution towards staying in the competitive world actually is through acquiring a very good strength of the customers as well as retaining them for longer time period. Customers also are considered as a firms real assets and they in reality need to be attained plus retained for long term. Capitalizing upon customers even is extremely vital. Following paths can be also adopted towards doing all this: Developing a proper scheme for communication along with customers across the world supplies the users a forum towards expressing their thoughts as well as opinions. This enhanced communication can never merely establish a firms brand as well as its reputation rather will even help a firm to eradicate all its faults towards excelling further (Flight, 2013). Trying to reach customer and express ideas plus thoughts via online forums would help to expand the image and repute of any firm. For example, uploading any video upon you tube would give admittance to customers all across t he world. People would also be capable to view a firms idea. They could also gain knowledge regarding product. It supplies the firm an opportunity and chance to reach brand advocates as well as ask them for expressing their response from footage. The firms can also hire marketers that can efficiently perform on its image. Marketing also is all regarding communication to consumer about value of the product otherwise service. Therefore effective marketing could also help a firm to attain plus retain customers. Introduction In current times, motion recognition also has involved vast attention from the supercomputer vision who undertakes study because of the talented applications within several fields, like video observation, and traffic observation otherwise symbol language gratitude. Moreover, it is yet in its untimely developmental phase as well as requires enhancing its heftiness while applied within any compound ecology. Many systems intended for stirring the object recognition also have been planned amongst them some three representative looms are even chronological differencing, backdrop calculation as well as visual flow (Gemperle, 1998). The chronological differencing on the basis of frame difference, can attempt towards detection of heartrending regions through creation of utilization of disparity of the successive frames within the video series. Such process is extremely adaptive towards dynamic ecologies, yet generally performs a very poor job where the extracting of complete forms of many ty pes of the moving objects is done. Design of the product: Description Motion Detection scheme will attempt to notice motion in face of the camera. Proper web camera along with a proper USB boundary will be utilized for taking images. These images obtained from the web camera also will be capable of being agreed to the PC through USB. The PC carries an inherent USB manager that would control and manage outwardly attached hardware tools. Such port for USB also will be interfaced to the CPU via the PIC bus. The images that will be attained by the web camera will be later coursed by the PC along with the support of the MATLAB workstation. This processes all the images along with support of the Image attainment box of tool. Following the total dispensation of the images within MATLAB outcome would be shown upon it. Here the Monitor will be utilized like a proper exhibit device (Hartman et al., n.d.). Working Principle For attaining such objective the Web camera will be utilized towards capturing the video. Towards processing of these frames the MATLAB workplace will also be worn. Frames will be in use by the camera that is laden into the workstation. Then all such frames will be shown upon axis which is the Window of Graphical consumer Interface. Later such images will also be moved through the Manual pane towards finding field of the interest. The image attained would be in the 3D form because it will be within the RGB type. This will be hard to process the RGB imagery, towards reducing the dispensation difficulty of imagery that the casing are rehabilitated to some images that are gray scale (JIANG, LI and SUN, 2011). After change of the images, they will be heightened towards improving brightness as well as contrast which is to reduce noises formed by the lighting. Prior to processing that has initiated a proper boundary is also created as well as this boundary could even be enlarged. Currently the gray scale image also is rehabilitated into the binary format within order towards processing further. Image Processing tolls and techniques: Image translation Image improvement Image Windowing Image calculation With the help of the picture conversion tools and techniques RGB layouts also will be changed to the gray size, intended for plummeting complexity of the 3D picture set-up. Plus then afterward it will be transformed to the Binary form. Following alteration of the imagery, they also will be sensitive towards improvement and enhancement of brightness as well as contrast that is to condense noises shaped by the illumination through utilizing the enhancement method (Liu, Deng and Chen, 2013). Comfort- Proper motion detector managed lighting also proves to be and inexpensive as well as specific and sure path towards reduction of the lighting energy prices up till 60%. The correct amount of the light where plus when required is also a proper motto while planning such a device. A Properly- lit walkway also welcomes the occupants as well as guests, at the time of deterring uninvited impostors while the motion also is detected as well as the outdoors lights also turn on. Moving to basement otherwise garage is also safe plus easy and even along with the hand full while a person doesnt needs to fumble for light switch. Some good quality selection of the luminaries could also be used within a multitude of the places that are both indoor as well as outdoor (Page, 2006). Traditional places for use of such cameras can be sauna, entrance doors, kitchen, storerooms, garages, staircases and even dumpster. Safety- A most versatile element of the system is that motion detectors could play an essential role within safeguarding people and their homes. They could also be installed almost anywhere in places where people like extra security, such as inside as well as outside of home. Points of the entry are general, as a supplementary safeguard towards door as well as window sensors, but they might also be properly installed within the hallways outside the bedrooms otherwise in room where some or other valuables are stored. Outdoors, front as well as back entries, plus the bottom of driveway otherwise walkways are also likely placements. This camera and motion detector helps people to attain full safety and security (Park, 2012). Performance- detection of the motion essentially needs user to execute two vital steps. They are as follows: Initial step is towards setting up the hardware intended for obtaining video data and information in which the motion needs to get noticed Second step is towards actually devising a proper algorithm through which motion would be perceived. AVI video arrangement is in reality very intersperse of the Audio plus Video. The video stream also is hoard otherwise attained like a chain of the casings happening in aligned progression one gone to other (Yu, Wang and Han, 2014). A proper integration of the optical method for flow, chronological differencing procedure and also double backdrop Sieving process with the morphological dispensation also is demonstrated. Vital aim and goal of such math will be to divide background meddling as well as forefront data and information efficiently plus then sense moving object and things precisely. Initially, sequential differencing process will be used towards detecting uncouth motion entity field for visual calculation of flow. Secondly, DBF procedure will be used towards getting as well as maintaining a steady background image towards addressing the changes within environmental conditions as well as this is even used towards reducing background interference, as well as locating moving object location. Morphological dispensation is even used plus combined along with DBF towards gaining better outcomes. Dissimilar from paper, a novel improved plan is proposed that not merely improves capability of sensing object within motion, yet it will also reduce computation and the demands (Savino, 2013). References Buurman, G. (2005). Total interaction. Basel: Birkhauser. Flight, M. (2013). Visual system: Mapping motion detection. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(10), pp.669-669. Gemperle, F. (1998). Design for wearability. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Carnegie Mellon University, Institute for Complex Engineered Systems. Hartman, K., Jepson, B., Dvorak, E. and Demarest, R. (n.d.). Make. JIANG, Q., LI, P. and SUN, L. (2011). Application of Otsu method in motion detection system. Journal of Computer Applications, 31(1), pp.260-262. Liu, D., Deng, M. and Chen, H. (2013). Application of Motion Detection Algorithm in Patient Monitoring System. AMM, 333-335, pp.646-649. Page, N. (2006). Concept design. London: Titan. Park, J. (2012). Embedded and multimedia computing technology and service. Dordrecht: Springer. Savino, S. (2013). An algorithm for robot motion detection by means of a stereoscopic vision system. Advanced Robotics, 27(13), pp.981-991. Yu, L., Wang, H. and Han, L. (2014). Development of Automobile Gear Motion Error Detection System. AMM, 536-537, pp.276-279.

The Invisible Man Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Invisible Man Analysis Essay Ralph EllisonRalph Ellison manages to develop a strong philosophy through characterization in the Invisible Man. Ellison portrays the lonely narrators quest in struggling to search for his identity and an understanding of his times. The well development of the character lays out the foundation on the philosophy of finding and understanding himself. Through a labyrinth of corruption and deceit the narrator undergoes events that manage to enrich his experience and further contribute in his search for himself. Such scenes include the battle royal scene, the college, Truebloods visit, and the blueprint seller. We will write a custom essay on The Invisible Man Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The narrator at first never realizes his innocence. At first the timid Invisible Man is invited to attend his scholarship award ceremony. However with other Negroes he is rushed to the front of the ballroom where a stripper frightens them by dancing in nude. After staging the battle royal and attacking one another in response to the drunken shouts of the rich white folk, the boy is brought to give his prepared oration of gratitude to the white benefactors. An accidental remark to equality nearly ruins him, but the narrator manages to survive and is given a briefcase containing a scholarship to a Negro college. This acts a high peak in the narrators quest since it sets him for his struggle in searching for himself. The narrator adores the college however is thrown out before long by its president, Dr.Bledsoe, the great educator and leader of his race. Ironically the narrator had seen Dr.Bledsoe as an idol aiming to gradually impersonate him. He was expelled for permitting, Mr.Norton , one of the college founders into the slave quarters and the Golden Day bar. After that incident the Invisible Man goes through the sense that he is losing his identity. This initiates an air of confusion as the narrator is now brought in a quarrel against himself.In the prologue the Invisible Man quotes, I was naveI was looking for myself and asking everyone except myself questions which only I could answer. The narrator is tempted to set out in the quest to search for his identity. The prologue identified the theme to the readers. It was however during Truebloods visit that the character manages to learn about his true background and roots. It is through such people, of his true Southern nature, that the narrator glimpses a view on himself. This is true also when the Invisible Man encounters the blueprint seller who sang the blues, a common song of the south. Although the Invisible Man was in the North, he still found himself clinging on to the southerner, since he was of his similar race. If the narrator succeeds in finding his own identity then he will definitely be truthful to himself and the others. By finding his identity the narrator has ensured friendships and encounters with many people, since loneliness will be avoided. The Invisible Mans identity ensured him that he had opposed the idea of manipulating the whites as Gods or Forces through the grins and yesses while the whites manage to achieve their destiny through their control over him. Through characterization Ellison has managed to reveal his philosophy that dealt with struggling to find ones identity. The characters have been developed in a sense that has them reflect one anothers traits and personalities. Through many encounters the narrator begins to set out to find who he truly is. By questioning his everyday living the narrator manages to progress in the quest to achieve his goal.

Alternatives to Using Said When Quoting a Source

Alternatives to Using Said When Quoting a Source Alternatives to Using Said When Quoting a Source When discussing the arguments of other thinkers, as we often have to do when writing a paper, you might find yourself writing so and so says quite often. While this is good enough most of the time, you may also want to vary your word choice. Moreover, in academic writing, says or said might not fully communicate what you intend. It may therefore be better to use a more precise alternative. Alternatives to Said There are plenty of synonyms for said that can be used in academic writing. For instance, if we imagine quoting an author called Johnson, instead of Johnson says that, we could write: States (Johnson states that the results are consistent with past studies) Asserts (Johnson asserts that the technique is flawed) Argues (Johnson argues that the test should be revised) Claims (Johnson claims that the conclusion is valid) Believes (Johnson believes that modern science should be trusted) However, it should be noted that most of these words are more specific than said. As such, youll need to check that the word you pick fits the situation. Saying that Johnson argues such and such, for instance, only makes sense if you are quoting an argument. As such, it wouldnt make sense to say Johnson argues that his favorite ice-cream is vanilla, since this is an opinion, not an argument. Likewise, some terms have connotations that you need to understand before you use them. The word alleges, for instance, can be a synonym for says, but it implies that the claim is unproven, controversial or doubtful. It therefore has quite a specific use. Nor should you avoid using the word says in your work. Its simply a case of being aware of how often you use particular terms and trying to find a suitable alternative if you are using any single term (including said) too much.

Prehistoric Life During the Eocene Epoch

Prehistoric Life During the Eocene Epoch The Eocene epoch commenced 10 million years after the extinction of the dinosaurs, 65 million years ago, and continued for another 22 million years, up to 34 million years ago. As with the preceding Paleocene epoch, the Eocene was characterized by the continuing adaptation and spread of prehistoric mammals, which filled the ecological niches left open by the dinosaurs demise. The Eocene constitutes the middle part of the Paleogene period (65-23 million years ago), preceded by the Paleocene, and succeeded by the Oligocene epoch (34-23 million years ago); all of these periods and epochs were part of the Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago to the present). Climate and Geography In terms of climate, the Eocene epoch picked up where the Paleocene left off, with a continuing rise in global temperatures to near-Mesozoic levels. However, the latter part of the Eocene saw a pronounced global cooling trend, probably related to decreasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which culminated in the re-formation of ice caps at both the north and south poles. The earths continents continued to drift toward their present positions, having broken apart from the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana, though Australia and Antarctica were still connected. The Eocene epoch also witnessed the rise of North Americas western mountain ranges. Terrestrial Life During the Eocene Epoch Perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates, such as horses and tapirs) and artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates, such as deer and pigs) can all trace their ancestry back to the primitive mammalian genera of the Eocene epoch. Phenacodus, a small, generic-looking ancestor of hoofed mammals, lived during the early Eocene, while the late Eocene witnessed much bigger thunder beasts like Brontotherium and Embolotherium. Carnivorous predators evolved in synch with these plant-munching mammals: the early Eocene Mesonyx only weighed as much as a large dog, while the late Eocene Andrewsarchus was the largest terrestrial meat-eating mammal that ever lived. The first recognizable bats (such as Palaeochiropteryx), elephants (such as Phiomia), and primates (such as Eosimias) also evolved during the course of the Eocene epoch. As is the case with mammals, many modern orders of birds can trace their roots to ancestors that lived during the  Eocene epoch (even though birds as a whole evolved, perhaps more than once, during the Mesozoic Era). The most notable birds of the Eocene were giant penguins, as typified by the 100-pound Inkayacu of South America and the 200-pound Anthropornis of Australia. Another important Eocene bird was Presbyornis, a toddler-sized prehistoric duck. Crocodiles (such as the weirdly hooved Pristichampsus), turtles (such as the big-eyed Puppigerus), and snakes (such as the 33-foot long Gigantophis) all continued to flourish during the Eocene epoch, many of them attaining substantial sizes as they filled the niches left open by their dinosaur relatives (though most did not attain the giant sizes of their immediate Paleocene ancestors). Much tinier lizards, like the three-inch-long Cryptolacerta, were also a common sight (and food source for larger animals). Marine Life During the Eocene Epoch The Eocene epoch was when the first prehistoric whales left dry land and opted for a life in the sea, a trend that culminated in the middle Eocene Basilosaurus, which attained lengths of up to 60 feet and weighed in the neighborhood of 50 to 75 tons. Sharks continued to evolve as well, but few fossils are known from this epoch. In fact, the most common marine fossils of the Eocene epoch are of tiny fish, like Knightia and Enchodus, that plied the lakes and rivers of North America in vast schools. Plant Life During the Eocene Epoch The heat and humidity of the early Eocene epoch made it a heavenly time for dense jungles and rainforests, which stretched almost all the way to the North and South Poles (the coast of Antarctica was lined with tropical rainforests about 50 million years ago!) Later in the Eocene, global cooling produced a dramatic change: the jungles of the northern hemisphere gradually disappeared, to be replaced by deciduous forests that could better cope with seasonal temperature swings. One important development had only just begun: the earliest grasses evolved during the late Eocene epoch but didnt spread worldwide (providing sustenance for plains-roaming horses and ruminants) until millions of years later.

Multi-part Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Multi-part Corporation - Case Study Example This study outlines that examines â€Å"sense and respond† policy instead of â€Å"produce and sell† which is a part of â€Å"selling concept†. This means that Multi-part Corporation is interested in producing and selling what the buyers demand rather than what the company wants to sell. The act of taking suggestions from buyers for producing newly designed products is a clear evidence. This has not only enhanced buyers’ trust over the Multi-part Corporation but has also made it a preferred supplier of its plastic and metal components, in most cases, compared to other five international players that enjoy worldwide coverage like Multi-part in the same industry. Without any doubt, having excellent business relationships with its major customers has made Multi-part their preferred supplier, and they often encouraged the organization to establish supply factories on Ideal adjacent sites in the developing countries where these buyers have constructed their new factories to make the most of cheap labor costs and infrastructure and make additional profits. The global player actually believes in supplying â€Å"improved quality  products† to its customers, operating in developed nations, because no manufacturer or supplier can survive and observe growth/expansion when it produces and sells sub-standard products. Perhaps, Multi-part’s consistent production and supply of quality B2B roducts (that are used as raw materials to produce different products) to its buyers at competitive prices has made it one of the largest manufacturers in the metal and plastic  moulding industry in the world.  Ã‚  Ã‚  

What Role Should Government Play In a Globalised World Essay

What Role Should Government Play In a Globalised World - Essay Example This essay stresses that the government of China in the light of the reforms brought about in the policy structure relating to economic, social and technological development is also focusing on the optimal utilization of the natural resource base. Optimal utilization of the existing resource base would help the country gain the due potential in gaining economic and social developments in sustained manner. This paper makes a conclusion that the event of globalization has paved the way for the mutual development of both developing and developed economies through the process of mutual interaction and the transfer of needed funds and infrastructural skills and expertise. With the gaining of needed know-how along with funding support through the gaining of foreign investments the countries are found to grow and develop along the parameters pertaining to manufacturing, innovation, social and economic fronts. However the government of different countries is required to incorporate changes in the policy and reform structures on such a note as would assist in the effective optimization of the opportunities gained in such a global climate. Herein focusing on the region of China the government of the region is found to bring about changes in the policy structure related to manufacturing, research and development functions and also related to labor relations to contribute in the overall developme nt of the social and economic situation of the region.

The Character of Scrooge Essay Example for Free

The Character of Scrooge Essay Dickens suggests that Scrooge is missing out on the fun and games by saying, that the consequence of his taking a dislike to us and not making merry with us, is, as I think, that he loses some pleasant moments, which could do him no harm. This suggests that Scrooge starts to feel a bit of remorse, since he turned the invite down. Scrooge is forced to realise that he has missed a chance to be merry with the only family he has left in the world. Finally, the ghost shows Scrooge two personifications of the social situation in the form of two children: Ignorance (a boy) and Want (a girl), who symbolise mankinds downfall. Dickens uses this personification to emphasise the point of mankinds destruction, for instance the spirit says, Most of all beware this boy, for on his brow I see that written which Doom This signifies if people continue to ignore the poor, society will crumble. In this stave Scrooge feels new emotions such as regret for not paying his clerk Bob Cratchit enough money, since he lives in poverty with a huge family and a crippled son, and more regret for not attending the invite from Fred. Also, he feels a lot sadder and some happiness for Freds games and the laughter, Scrooges family had without him. The ghost of Christmas yet to come represents death and judgement, this ghost is also known as a phantom because it is wearing a black cloak which conceals its face and it doesnt say a word to add to the morbid atmosphere. They visited a house where there was one little knot of business men with a lady trying to sell some of Scrooges possessions, he sees nobody is upset by his death, but instead raiding his hose and selling off his property. I hope he didnt die of anything catching Eh? Dont you be afraid of that. This shows that people are joking over his death and no-one cares about his departure from the face of the earth. He is very upset that no-one cares about his death, all they can do is laugh and attempt to make a profit from his belongings. Scrooge asks the spirit If there is any person in the town, who feels emotion caused by this mans death Show that person to me, spirit They go to the Cratchits house, but The only emotion that the ghost could show him, caused by the event, was one of pleasure. This emphasises that no-one liked him and cared about him at all, so they were not sad to witness his death. After a while, they return to the Cratchits house where Bob has just returned from work. Dickens makes Scrooge feel miserable, regret and guilt that he did not offer his help to save Tiny Tim from dying, by making the Cratchit family more depressed, for instance, My little, little child! Cried Bob. My little child! He broke down all at once. This makes the reader feel sympathy for the Cratchits and anger towards Scrooge, as he did not help a poor family at need. Also, it makes Scrooge feel terrible and he realises that he must change his ways and become a better person, to stop these perceptions from happening. Stave four is a particularly religious section of the book, as it deals with Scrooges redemption and moral reformation. The language used by Dickens is similar to that used in a religious teaching, for example: Oh cold, cold, rigid, dreadful death, set up thine altar here. This biblical language is meant to make us aware that as readers we are being taught a moral lesson. All Christians believed strongly in heaven and hell; the thought of spending the rest of eternity in hell, frightened most Christians, so even the meanest of people would consider changing their ways to go to heaven. In stave five, Scrooge awakens on Christmas day as a changed man. He buys the largest turkey in town and donates it to the Cratchits. Ill send it to Bob Cratchits! This shows that Scrooge has finally reformed and he is now a better man, as he is being a lot more generous. Dickens shows that Scrooge has learnt his moral lessons and is not going back to his old ways, he does this by this continual joy, care and generosity, throughout the character of Scrooge in stave five, for example: Heres the turkey. Hallo! Whoop! How are you! Merry Christmas! This again emphasises that Scrooge has realised and acknowledged his faults and changed them; plus he donates lots of money to the poor, Scrooge says, not a farthing less This once more shows Scrooges generosity, the poor and the two gentlemen were very grateful. He also celebrates a lovely Christmas with his nephew; Dickens shows this by saying, Wonderful party, wonderful games, wonderful unanimity, won-der-ful happiness This stresses the changes Scrooge has made and that he is having a magnificent time with his family, at last. The next morning Scrooge was at his office ready to meet Bob Cratchit and give him a pay rise, he says Ill raise your salary, and endeavour to assist your struggling family And thats exactly what Scrooge did, he did not just raise Bobs salary, but he became like a second father to Tiny Tim, who did not die. There are many references to heaven in this stave such as: I am as happy as an angel, He went to church and God bless us, every one! in contrast to the references to hell when he was parsimonious, mean-spirited and had a cold heart, for instance, It is doomed to wander through the world, ages of incessant labour by immortal creatures, for this earth must pass eternity and dark master! This creates the impression that Scrooge was going to hell in stave one because he was stingy, cruel and uncharitable. Dickens teaches a social lesson to us, near the end of the book, so we remember it. He tells us not to worry if people laugh at the sudden change in you as long as you are doing good deeds that is all that matters, for instance, Some people laughed to see the alteration in him, but he let them laugh His own heart laughed: and that was quite enough for him. This puts emphasis on Scrooges reformation and confirms that Scrooge has changed for the better and for good. A Christmas Carol is an inverted tragedy, since it has five staves similar to the five acts of a Shakespeare play; but Scrooge begins a cold-hearted, cruel, spiteful and uncharitable and ends a loving, caring generous man with a stronger, warmer heart, especially to the poor and needy. Through the character of Scrooge, Dickens hoped to change the views of society by showing the rich people, who would have read the book that they were Scrooge (not sharing their wealth; being grumpy and cold-hearted). It reflects that money does not lead to happiness, but living a high-quality Christian, moral life does. As the book continues on, Scrooge becomes more and more enthusiastic to learn his moral lessons, for example: As I know your purpose is to do me good, and as I hope to live to be another man from what I was This shows his eagerness to gain knowledge of his moral and social lessons and his acceptance of his faults. Christianity was a vast issue in the 1840s, and the idea of burning in hell would have made a lot of people change their miserable, tight-fisted ways. This Christian theme is set throughout the book and if you repent your ways you will be saved (go to heaven). Dickens uses Christmas because it is an occasion when generosity, exuberance and affection should be in our hearts as a time to convey this message of charity.

Workplace Ergonomics, Ergonomics Assessment, Ergonomics Training Essay

Workplace Ergonomics, Ergonomics Assessment, Ergonomics Training In the past, most businesses have strived for high production at low cost. This strategy resulted in the highest profit for a company. When in reality to many businesses, this was only a mirage. This was because the â€Å"lower cost† of the business usually resulted in a â€Å"higher cost† for the employees. This lower cost for businesses may have meant lower quality workplace items, lower salaries, less benefits, etc. These lower costs created an upset workplace environment for the employees. This upset has help found a new branch of science called Ergonomics. â€Å"Ergonomics is a relatively new branch of science which celebrates its 50th anniversary in 1999, but relies on research carried out in many other older established scientific areas, such as engineering, physiology, and psychology.† (http://www.ergonomics.org.uk/ergonomics.htm). Once it became clear that businesses needed to take into account the human environment factors that faced their employees it resulted in the discipline of ergonomics. There exist many different things in the workplace that add to stress and injuries. They range from lifting heavy boxes to typing too much on the keyboard. However, the focus on this paper will be on the principals of ergonomics in the office and computer environment. Exactly, what is ergonomics? â€Å"Ergonomics, or Human Factors as it is known in North America, is a branch of science that aims to learn about human abilities and limitations and then apply that knowledge to improve people’s interaction with products, systems and environments.† (http://www.ergonomics.org.uk/ergonomics.htm). â€Å"The word, ergonomics, is derived from the greek words ergos meaning â€Å"work† and nomos mean... ...avis, Christine E. – Roth M.P.T. UCLA Ergonomics – RSI General Anatomy. (http://ergonomics.ucla.edu/Ergowebv.2/articles/rsianatomy.htm). F-One Ergonomics. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Office ergonomics for arms & hands. (http://www.office-ergo.com/alternat.htm). F-One Ergonomics. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Low Back Pain Ergonomics. (http://www.office-ergo.com/12things.htm). Homestore.com. Decorating – By Room – Office – Ergonomics. (http://www.homestore.com/Decorae/ByRoom/Work/Ergo.asp). ÓHomestore.com, Inc. 1999-2000. Kobler, Ellen MS, MA, OTR, CHT, CIE. Diversified Ergonomics. (http://www.diversergo.com/data.html/). S. Systems Corporation. Carpal Tunnel and Repetitive Motion Injury. (http://www.s-sc.com/risk.htm). Ó1994, 1999. The Ergonomics Society. Ergonomics Society Ergonomics. (http://www.ergonomics.org.uk/ergonomics.htm). Ó1996-2000 The Ergonomics Society.

Judaism, Christianity, and Indigenous Religion

Vanessa Loaiza Dr. Religion 31 September 2010 Time Concepts on the Judaism, Christianity, and Indigenous religion The concept of time is full of mystery, by instinct we feel that time cannot be stopped. We all exist in time, and everything is subject to time. It seems obvious that because we live in time, it is the prime measure of existence. As assumed by many philosophical and religious schools, no beginning or end can be attributed to time.To the different concepts of time we have sacred time and religious time. They come closest to what may be called cosmic time: the big time of the complete whole of the cosmic reality. Sacred time is the past, present and future collapsed in one eternal now making for our connectedness. Religious time is the time that is respected on religious grounds. It is usually bound to natural order by means of calendars, sundials and/or clock (-schedules).In the Jewish religion, Judaism, Jews have never perceived time as progressive, but rather as a fragm ented line. Its parts-past, present, and future-were not perceived as a continuous process in which one stage is a sequel to its antecedents. The Past was the era of glory, philosophically-inclined Jews in the Middle Ages perceived themselves as inferior in virtue to preceding generations.This inferiority complex was not simply a reflection of the general medieval view of history as an ongoing process, but rather a specific Jewish belief that the ancient Hebrews had the advantage of political independence in their own land, while the spiritual resources of â€Å"modern† Jews were depleted in exile and dispersion. The Present was the long era of Exile, Its beginning was a well-defined point in time; the destruction of the Second Temple, â€Å"but its end was shrouded in mist† (Lyman 15), as rabbinical Judaism rejected all eschatological calculations or detailed descriptions of the End of Days.Whether the trials and tribulations of exile were represented as part of the d ivine plan, or, on the contrary, as evidence of God’s abdication, the â€Å"present† was in any event just an insignificant interlude. The Jewish perception of the Future was most revealing of all; an impatient expectation for imminent cosmic upheaval which would transform the nature of Jewish existence was combined with resignation-acceptance that these events might e postponed until the end of time. It is irrelevant whether this near-distant future was perceived as a return to the past or as an era which would transcend all that has ever been; whether it would be attained by an apocalyptic lead to a historical time through divine intervention, or rather as stipulated by â€Å"realistic† messianism, accomplished by human efforts alone and not very different from present reality.The thrust of the matter is that Judaism adopted a view of the future which was a compromise between two seemingly incompatible attitudes: on the one hand: an eschatology which promised deliverance in the foreseeable future, and a strategy designed to ensure the evasion of a history of suffering by posing the question of â€Å"how† rather than â€Å"when,† on the other. This compromise formula appears to be powerful enough to become a fixed element in Jewish culture: a frantic search for signs of imminent redemption combined with caution and suspicion which prevented bitter disillusionment in the face of delay.In Judaism, no one has to argue in favor of survival; there is nothing else if one does not survive. In contrast to the ancient Greek, who â€Å"thought that the universe includes the even stronger idea of cycle time according to which not only the cosmological processes but all individual destinies are repeated in every detail in time† (OHRSTROM 896). As for Jewish and Christian philosophers, the idea of cyclic time leaves no room for genuine progress and final salvation.

Human Development Essay

â€Å"Ten year old Greg, listens to his younger sibling’s plea for signing a ‘Parent Confirmation Report’ for school affirming that the parent was aware about the child in question not completing his home test paper. Father is out of town, and mother is sick in bed. Greg has to think quickly as to how to react to this plea keeping in mind the dilemma of doing a wrong deed of signing a parent report without the parent’s knowledge and protecting the young one from the teacher’s wrath the next day. He knows well, he cannot share it with the parents. Greg finally gives in to his brother’s plea just this once, but strictly warns him not to repeat this again. The next day Greg bakes a cake for his sick mother, as repentance for his wrong deed. † According to Piaget’s theory, Greg can be said to be evolving from the second stage of Moral Realism to the third stage of Moral Relativity. Greg is at an age appropriate stage as per this theory as he displays behavior from moral relativity stage by accepting to do a wrong deed for the sake of protecting his brother and not troubling the sick mother thereby displaying stage-appropriate behavior that rules are not fixed, and can be changed by mutual consent. However, Greg also displays behavior from the earlier stage of moral realism by warning his brother not to repeat the act as rules are made by an authority and should be observed. He vents out his feelings of guilt by doing a special deed for his mother by baking a cake for her. According to Kohlberg’s theory, Greg displays classic behavior from the Conventional level, stage 3, the Good Boy-Girl stage. He yearns to be the good brother and good son by doing what is required of him in the dilemma. However, he also displays some behavior of the stage 4, Law and order, that the act is wrong, and should not be repeated hereafter, thereby suggesting his transitional phase between the two stages. Greg is not displaying age appropriate behavior considering Kohlberg’s second level of reasoning develops in early adolescence. Greg seems to be at an advanced level as per this theory. References Berk, L. E. (1996). Moral development. Child Development (pp. 481-489). New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Private Limited.

Pomeii the Women essays

Pomeii the Women essays The ancient city of Pompeii is best known for being covered by an erupting volcano and being almost forgotten. From the time the city was rediscovered in the 1700s scientists and archeologists have managed to piece together evidence to show not just how people died but how they lived. We now know that before the eruption of Mt Vesuvius on August 24 79 AD Pompeii was a resort town. From the remains of Pompeii scholars have deducted the socioeconomic, religious and political life of Pompeiis last inhabitants. Pompeii was a city where women declared themselves the equal of men. Women could own land, operate businesses, be priestesses and were often educated. Despite these equalities Pompeiian women were still mostly owned by men and from birth knew their position. New born boys were placed at the fathers feet while newborn girls were given straight to the nurse. Most girls were bought up by their mothers at home learning weaving and other domestic skills. Upper-class girls however were taught to read and write either at school or at home by slave tutors. It was believed by some that educated women made better wives and mothers. Literacy amongst the upper class (both women and men) was a symbol of status and respect. One of the most famous Pompeiian artifacts the fresco of the merchant Terentius Neo and his wife, depicts her holding a wax tablet and a stylus. Girls were considered grown up by the age of 14 when marriages were usually arranged by their family with the objective of uniting good families. At this time a woman would leave her fathers ownership and become the property of her husband. As many women as possible were kept married and bearing children. Women were expected to be married by the age of 20 and it was law to remarry after the death of ones husband. As at this time in Roman history there were fewer females than males so women could marry and remarry with ease. A womans major role was to be a good ...

Sad Quotes About Life

Sad Quotes About Life When the heart is burdened with grief, nothing looks bright. It is not easy to shake off the gloom. The more you try to run away from it, the more it chases you. So let us learn to face our sadness. Here are some sad quotes about life. Use them as an antidote for your depression. Flush the negativity out of your heart. Believe that life is awesome, and you have the chance to make the most of it. Theres something addictive about sadness. It is like a drug that makes you crave sadness. At the same time, you want to get away from it. The self-pity, the self-deprecation, and the selfishness keeps one wallowing in grief. It is a cocoon that keeps you aloof from the world of joy. Its time to break away from this downward spiraling thoughts. Self-pity helps no one, not even you. If you want to move on, think positive.   I can get sad, I can get frustrated, I can get scared, but I never get depressed - because theres joy in my life. Michael J. Fox For all sad words of tongue and pen, The saddest are these, It might have been. John Greenleaf Whittier Nobody deserves your tears, but whoever deserves them will not make you cry. Gabriel Garcia Marquez Every man has his secret sorrows which the world knows not; and often times we call a man cold when he is only sad. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Its easy to cry when you realize that everyone you love will reject you or die. Chuck Palahniuk Open your eyes, look within. Are you satisfied with the life youre living? Bob Marley The tragedy of life is not so much what men suffer, but rather what they miss. Thomas Carlyle Even a happy life cannot be without a measure of darkness, and the word happy would lose its meaning if it were not balanced by sadness. Carl Jung Courage and cheerfulness will not only carry you over the rough places in life, but will enable you to bring comfort and help to the weak-hearted and will console you in the sad hours. William Osler Dying seems less sad than having lived too little. Gloria Steinem Sadness flies away on the wings of time. Jean de La Fontaine Although the world is full of suffering, it is also full of the overcoming of it. Helen Keller I thought when love for you died, I should die. Its dead. Alone, most strangely, I live on. Rupert Brooke Numbing the pain for a while will make it worse when you finally feel it. J. K. Rowling Sadness flies on the wings of the morning and out of the heart of darkness comes the light. Jean Giraudoux

Market research and market evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Market research and market evaluation - Essay Example Kotler defines marketing research as "the systematic design, collection, analysis and reporting of data relevant to a specific marketing situation facing an organization" (Philip Kotler). It has a wide coverage which includes market potential and market share studies, assessments of customers' satisfaction and purchase behavior, studies of pricing, product, distribution and promotional activities (Philip Kotler). Another book defines marketing research as "a structured approach to getting information about marketing problems and opportunities, for use in making marketing decision" (Frederick Russ). It can be traced to the emergence of the affluent consumers after the World War II wherein marketers sought to convert this new purchasing power into sales therefore the necessity to know what the consumers want and need (Frederick Russ). "The marketing Research process has four steps: defining the problem and research objectives, developing the research plan, implementing the research plan and interpreting the report findings" (Philip Kotler). "Various methods of market research are used to find out information about markets, target markets and their needs, competitors, market trends, customer satisfaction with products and services, etc. Businesses can learn a great deal about customers, their needs, how to meet those needs and how the business is doing to meet those needs. Businesses need not to be experts at methods of research either" (Authenticity Consulting, LLC.) Data Collection can be from primary and from secondary sources. Primary Data Collection includes observation, survey and experiment which can be done personally or impersonally such as through mail or phone (Philip Kotler). Secondary data collection usually includes commercial data sources and online databases and ineternet data sources (Philip Kotler). Quantitative and Qualitative Methods Market research can be either quantitative or qualitative. While quantitative methods are designed to assess, predict and estimate buyer attitudes and behaviors (Power Decisions Group), qualitative marketing research provides the crucial information for the decision-makers and used in exploring new areas or deepen understanding of some market issues (Suite101.de). Quantitative market research can be online, phone,in-person, mail and intercept central location testing (CLT). "The online methods provides a fast implementation especially for complex measurement constructions, the phone provides the top-of-mind brand awareness and first reaction attitudes, the in-person has the hybrid quantitative and qualitative and provides depth in probing attitudes and beliefs by skilled interviewer, the mail allows time for respondent to think about complicated issues without pressure or interviewer influence and the CLT is for both the quantitative questions and for choice exercises in mock stores, and for physical product examiniation and concept testing "(Power Decisions Group). There are at least five considered basic methods of market research. They include surveys, focus groups, personal interview, observation and field trials (AllBusiness.com). Among these, the qualitative ones are focus group an in-depth interviews. Focus Groups

Investigation and previous work on optical and thermal measurements in Dissertation

Investigation and previous work on optical and thermal measurements in transparent materials - Dissertation Example The optical and thermal measurements of Aluminum are also discussed because a part of this dissertation involves the analysis of Aluminum metal as a reflector for heat dissipation. When light rays hit the boundary of a refractive material, they are split into subrays according to the solid angle caused by the dispersion and the distance traveled by the split rays until they hit the next surface of the material (Wilkie, Tobler, & Purgathofer, 2000). Ray tracing is based on this principle and is used to study optical materials. When radiation falls on the surface of a material, some part of it is reflected, some is absorbed, and some of it is transmitted. These three are the most important optical features of a material and are characterized as the reflectivity (?) of the surface of the material, absorbance (?) of the material, and transmissivity (?) of the material (Bartl & Baranek, 2004). These three optical features of a substance are related to each other as per the equation: ? +? +? = 1. The refractive index of a material is given by the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of an electromagnetic wave in the material. The refractive index is an important optical property. ... transitions, multiphoton processes, scattering and defect and impurity absorption, density variations, etc are important loss mechanisms that greatly influence the optical properties of the substance (Tropf, Thomas, & Harris, 1995). Lattice vibrations or atomic motion in the material are responsible for its optical properties, dielectric properties, heat capacity, thermal conductivity and other important thermo-optic properties (Tropf, Thomas, & Harris). The refractive index, an important optical property, is influenced by a number of factors including temperature, stress, and applied field. The study of temperature effects on the refractive index of a material, called thermo-optic properties of the material, is especially important in case of solar concentrators because they are continuously exposed to heat and high temperatures due to exposure to sunlight. Thermal measurements such as measurements of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity of optical materials are thus important for predicting its behaviour. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion, given by ?, is the fractional change in the length with respect to change in temperature (Tropf, Thomas, & Harris, 1995). It is thus defined by the equation: ? (T) = 1/L dL/dT The thermal conductivity of a material, given by ?, is the â€Å"rate of heat flow† through the substance within a specific â€Å"thermal gradient† (Tropf, Thomas, & Harris). Figure 3.1 shows the thermal conductivity of several common optical materials. Fig. 3.1: Thermal conductivity of optical materials (Tropf, Thomas, & Harris, 1995, p. 33.37). Studying the optical and thermal behaviour of optical materials is an important prerequisite in order to utilize them in solar applications. Several methods for carrying out optical and thermal

Prospects and Challenges of the rules and regulations of the Saudi Research Paper

Prospects and Challenges of the rules and regulations of the Saudi Capital Market - Research Paper Example Distinguishing characteristics take account of spreading out of the market to a round the clock global trading cycle, pact animalization, and augmentation in the rate of recurrence of contracts, incessant evaluations, and imitative markets. Antagonists argue that neo-liberalism is the functioning of comprehensive capitalism through military or government interference to guard the interests of multinational conglomerates, over and above this free trade also casts influences on wages and social structures. The Saudi Arabia's Securities Exchange Commission1 and the Saudi Arabia's Stock Exchange (Tadawul)2 established by the enactment of the Capital Markets Law with authority to regulate all aspects of the capital market. The Government of Saudi Arabia has been making significant attempts to strengthen its regulatory and institutional infrastructure for capital markets since 2003. The Government of Saudi Arabia prepared and issued the Capital Market Law, which was concretizing in 2003, through the creation of the Supreme Economic Council and the Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority. These reforms should help galvanize the Saudi Capital market.3 The major objective of this study is to identify the prospect and challenges of the rules and regulations of the Saudi Arabia capital market. The Government of Saudi Arabia has been making significant attempts to strengthen its regulatory and institutional infrastructure for capital markets since 2003. The Government of Saudi Arabia prepared and issued the Capital Market Law, which was concretizing in 2003, through the creation of the Supreme Economic Council and the Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority. These reforms should help galvanize the Saudi Capital market. 3 Objectives of the Study The major objective of this study is to identify the prospect and challenges of the rules and regulations of the Saudi Arabia capital market. In order to reach this objective, the sub-objectives include: 1. An overview of the Capital Market Law of 2003; 2. An assessment of the contemporary equity market in the country; 3. To conduct a survey of the overall institutional, legal and regulatory framework for capital markets. Problem Statement Due to the number of banking and financial crises in the global capital markets, companies have created series of techniques in order to improve the market performance.4 The capital market of Saudi is not well diversified with such techniques as there exists a specialised securities regulator and the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority (SAMA) that regulate the market and in this way restrict companies from many lucrative activities.5 Before enacting the Capital Market Law and other Regulations of Saudi Arabia, the capital market lacked some of the basic features of more advanced markets such as a designated supervisory authority and a stock exchange with well defined functions.6 With booming oil revenues, government bond issuance is likely to diminish, causing a contraction in the supply of government debt.7 'There are no controls on portfolio investment in Saudi Arabian government securitiesas well as there are other major problems with the Sauid Arabia capital markets that I will disc uss in this dissertation. Since the enactment of the Capital Market Law of 2003, the Saudi Arabia Government has tried to promote reform programs in all sectors of capital market and these changes have been rapid. Among these measures has been the establishment of the modern Saudi capital market. The Saudi stock market is the largest in the region; and with the enactment of the Capital Market Law, the way is paved for a full-fledged securities market. There is a lack of transparency in the market, whether it relates to a company's expansion

Biocompatibility Study of Lactobacillus Casei

Biocompatibility Study of Lactobacillus Casei BIOCOMPATIBILITY STUDY OF LACTOBACILLUS CASEI ISOLATED FROM CUCUMBER AND EVALUATION OF PROBIOTIC EFFECTS IN THE HUMAN GUT NANNU SHAFAKATULLAH* and M. CHANDRA Abstract: Probiotics are live microorganisms introduced orally in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that are able to contribute positively to the activity of intestinal microflora and therefore, to the health of its host. A variety of probiotic supplements are currently available in the market which target towards improving the balance and activity of the intestinal microflora. Probiotics must have robust survival properties in the gut in order to exert any beneficial health promoting properties. Many in vitro properties, such as adhesion, co-aggregation, aggregation, hydrophobicity, resistance to pH, bile, etc., are usually investigated to determine if a specific selected strain would be suitable as a probiotic. Lactobacillus casei has been isolated from raw cucumber and identified based on phenotypic and biochemical characteristics. The isolate was studied for its survival at acidic pH, bile salt, intestinal juice, gastric juice, co-aggregation, aggregation, different NaCl concentrations, the ir action against pathogens, and resistance to antibiotics. The organism has shown well resistance to antibiotics, gastric acids and bile digestion and also exhibited good adhesion to intestinal mucosa and aggregation properties. Key words: Biocompatibility, cucumber, gastrointestinal tract, Lactobacillus casei, probiotics Introduction: Probiotics are defined as â€Å"live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host†1. The use of probiotic bacteria for the health of human has been increased from the last decade due to the increased research on benefits of the probiotics for human. Knowledge of gut health and awareness of general health consciousness in human leads to the search of new probiotic bacteria2-7. It has been proved that irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and antibiotic-induced diarrhea that occur due to the imbalance in the intestinal microflora can be reversed by the intake of probiotics.Lactobacillus species are â€Å"Generally Recognized as Safe† (GRAS) microorganisms and they are the most commonly used microorganisms as probiotics and are the most desired intestinal microflora. It is important to study the biocompatibility of the lactobacillus species before using them as probiotics. Acidic pH, bile salts, and gastric and intestinal juice in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are the major stress factors that the probiotics should overcome in order to survive in GIT. Other than their survival capabilities, the probiotic microbes consumed should possess the capacity to adhere and colonize in the gastro intestinal tract. More the adherence capacity of the probiotics more is their chance to retain themselves in the GIT and provide positive effect to the consumer. In accordance with the FAO/WHO8 guidelines in order to prevent the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes from the probiotics to the intestinal pathogens it is recommended that the antibiotic resistance/susceptibility pattern of every probiotic strain (including bacteria with GRAS status) is to be determined. Due to the development of antibiotic resistant pathogens there is increased interest in the alternative antimicrobial strategies for treatment and prevention of infections by using probiotics and their antimicrobial metabolites. Hence, antimicrobial activity against pathogens is a desirable property of a potential probiotic strain. The present study was aimed at isolation, identification, characterization and biocompatibility study of the Lactobacillus strain isolated from cucumber. The biocompatibility properties were investigated throughin vitro assays. Material and Methods Isolation and Identification of Bacteria Fresh cucumber juice was prepared and 1ml of this was serially diluted to 10-5 to 10-6 and inoculated 0.1 ml on to lactobacillus MRS agar plates and incubated at 37 °C for 24-48 hours anaerobically. Gram’s staining, catalase activity, gas production from glucose, acid fast test, MRVP test, gelatine hydrolysis, oxidase test, growth in different NaCl was determined according to methods for lactic acid bacteria9-10. The identification work was done according to the methods described in Bergey’s Manual11 and the Prokaryotes. All the strains were maintained by weekly sub culturing from 48hrs MRS agar cultures. Growth characteristics at different temperature were monitored for 7 days period. Production of ammonia from arginine was done according to the method described by Abdel-Malek and Gibson12, Nitrate reduction was done as described by Gerhardt et al., 13. The isolates were maintained in MRS broth, stock cultures were stored on agar slants in refrigerator and also freez e dried and stored for longer period. Growth at acidic pH The growth behavior of culture isolate was observed at acidic pH to find the acid tolerance capacity of organisms. The Isolate was inoculated in MRS broth with pH 2 and 3 and incubation was done at 37 °C for 48-72 hrs. During these incubation time cells growth was observed and results were recorded. Transit Tolerance: 1. Simulated Gastric Juice The simulated gastric juice was prepared freshly by suspending pepsin 1:10000 (3g/L) (SRL) in sterile NaCl (0.5%) and the pH was adjusted to 2.0 and 3.0 respectively. This was filter sterilized using 0.45 µm filter. The L. casei was grown in de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth at 37 °C for 24 h and centrifuged at 2,500 Ãâ€" g at 4 °C for 10 min. The collected cells were resuspended in sterile saline (0.5% NaCl) and inoculated into the simulated gastric juice (pH 2.0 and 3.0) at 108 cfu/ ml. The test was done in triplicates. Because the pH in the human stomach ranges from 1 (during fasting) to 4.5 (after a meal) and food ingestion can take up to 3 h, tolerance was assayed by determining the total viable count at 0, 1.5 and 3-h incubation in simulated gastric juice (pH 2.0 and 3.0). 2. Simulated Intestinal Juice The simulated intestinal juice was prepared freshly by suspending pancreatin (1g/L) in sterile NaCl (0.5%) and adjusted the pH to 8.0. This was again filter sterilized by using 0.45 µm filter. 1ml of the suspension of the L. casei was inoculated into 9ml of simulated intestinal juice (pH 8.0) and incubated at 37 °C. The test was done in triplicates. The survival rate was assessed by determining the total viable count at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8hrs of incubation. 3. Bile Tolerance Bile plays an important role in the survival of bacteria in the small intestine. Food remains in the small intestine for around 4-6 hours14 till it gets absorbed. The L. casei was screened for its survival at different bile concentrations. The organism was inoculated into 10 ml MRS broth in test tubes and incubated at 37 ºC overnight in anaerobic condition. 100ÃŽ ¼l of active culture was inoculated into fresh MRS broth tubes with pH 6.5 containing 0.3%, 0.5% and 1.0% bile (CDH India). The bacterial survival was measured by MRS agar colony count by taking 100ÃŽ ¼l culture for 0, 30, 60, 90 and 180 min and aliquots spread onto MRS agar plates to calculate the CFU/ml. The experiment was determined in triplicate to calculate intra-assay variation. CFU/ml was recorded. Aggregation (Del Re et al., 2000) Aggregation assay was performed by growing the isolates in MRS broth for 24 hours anaerobically at 37oC. The cells were harvested by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 15 min, at 4oC. The cells were washed twice and re-suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to give viable counts of approximately 108 CFU/ ml. Four ml of the cell suspension was mixed for 10 seconds in a sterile tube to determine auto aggregation during 5h of incubation, at room temperature. The upper suspension was used in each hour by transferring 0.1ml to another 3.9ml of phosphate buffer solution, and the optical density at 660nm was measured. Tests were carried out in triplicate and the results were averaged. The auto aggregation percentage was calculated by the formula: 1- (At/A0) X 100, where, At represents the absorbance at time t = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, and A0 the absorbance at t = 0. Aggregation abilities of microorganisms were screened by visual observation. Co-aggregation The bacterial cells were harvested by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 15 min after incubation at 37 °C for 18h, washed twice and resuspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to give viable counts of approximately 108 CFU /ml. Equal volumes (2 ml) of each cell suspension were mixed together in pairs by vortexing. Control tubes were set up at the same time, containing 4 ml of each bacterial suspension on its own. The absorbances at 660 nm of the suspensions were measured after mixing and after 5 h of incubation (6-9). The percentage of co-aggregation was calculated using the equation Handley et al. (1987) as, Co-aggregation (%) = [(Ax + Ay) /2) A (x+ y)] / [(Ax + Ay)/ 2] Ãâ€" 100 Where x and y represent each of the two strains in the control tubes, and (x + y) the mixture of isolate tested for co-aggregation. Antibiotic Sensitivity test Antibiotic sensitivity test of the isolate was performed by standard disc diffusion method (NCCLS 1999) towards thirteen antibiotics. The pure culture of L. casei suspension was spread on the MRS agar plates to form a uniform smear. Selected antibiotic discs were aseptically transferred on to the seeded plates. The diameters of the zone of inhibition were measured using antibiotic zone scale (Himedia India) after 24 h of incubation. The experiment was repeated thrice and the average inhibitory zone diameters were compared with the standards provided by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Diameters of inhibition zones were measured and results were expressed as sensitive, S (≠¥ 21 mm); intermediate, I (16-20 mm) and resistant, R (≠¤ 15 mm), respectively according to that described by Vlkovà ¡ et al., 15. Antimicrobial Activity Test Agar well diffusion method16 was used to determine the inhibitory capacity of the L. casei against pathogenic strains such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The isolate and pathogenic strains were incubated in MRS agar medium at 37 °C for 24 to 48 h. Result and Discussion Physiological and Biochemical Characterization The isolate was subjected to Gram’s staining and it was examined under light microscope. The strain gave blue- purple color with staining; hence it was Gram positive bacteria. Isolate was tested for catalase activity. It was catalase negative (do not show catalase activity). To test the gas production from glucose test tubes were observed for 5 days. The Isolate shown no gas production this indicates its homofermentative nature (Table 1). Another criterion for the identification the isolate was the ability of growth at different temperatures (Table 2). From the results of 5 days observation the isolate showed growth at 15-50  °C. Growth at different NaCl concentrations was observed. The isolate has the ability to grow at 2-6% NaCl concentration. Arginine hydrolysis test was another step to follow the identification procedure. The isolate which gave the bright orange were accepted that they can produce ammonia from arginine. The yellow colour indicated negative arginine hydro lysis. The isolate has shown -ve for arginine hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of starch was negative by isolate. The isolate was non motile, non spore forming. The most useful test for the determination of strain differences is carbohydrate fermentation. Twenty one (other than glucose) different carbohydrates were used for identification. They gave different fermentation patterns when they were compared. The patterns are showed in Table 3. Resistance to acidic pH Being resistant to low pH is one of the major selection criteria for probiotic strains17-18. Since, to reach the small intestine they have to pass through from the stressful conditions of stomach19. Although in the stomach, pH can be as low as 1.0, in most in vitro assays pH 3.0 has been preferred. Due to the fact that a significant decrease in the viability of strains is often observed at pH 2.0 and below20. Sudden decrease in the survival rate of the isolate has been observed at pH 2. At the third hour the survival rate reduced below 5%. At pH3 more than 10% survival has been observed after 3 hours of incubation. Tolerance against Bile The isolate was screened for its ability to tolerate the bile salt. Although the bile concentration of the human gastrointestinal tract varies, the mean intestinal bile concentration is believed to be 0.3% w/v and the staying time is suggested to be 4 h. Strain was screened for 3 hours in 0.3%, 0.5% and 1.0% of bile salt for its survival. The cfu values were observed. According to the results the isolate was resistant to 0.3% and 0.5% bile salt. Whereas sudden fall in the number of survival organisms has been observed at 1.00% bile. The survival rate reached to 5% at the end of 3 hours of incubation at 1.00% of bile. Tolerance to Gastric Juice The degree of gastric juice resistance exhibited by isolate was determined and results (Figure 4) showed that >75% of survival has been observed in gastric juice at pH 3 for 1.5 hours of incubation, whereas at pH2 the survival rate was >30% for 1.5 hours of incubation. But at 3 hours of incubation the survival rate at pH 3 reached to Tolerance to Intestinal Juice The isolate was tested for its ability to grow in intestinal juice. It appears that the strain exhibited good resistance to intestinal juice at pH 8 for four hours of growth (Figure 5). Good multiplication of all the isolates has been found at 6th hour of incubation. Aggregation On the basis of sedimentation characteristics aggregation capability of the isolate was tested. L. casei has exhibited good amount of aggregation during the test time of 5 hours (Figure 5). Co-aggregation The co-aggregations of L. casei with five pathogenic bacteria were examined. Results were expressed as the percentage reduction after 5 h in the absorbance of a mixed suspension compared with the individual suspension. Good co-aggregation of L. casei with S. aureus has been seen. There was no co-aggregation between L. casei and B. subtilis. 2-6% of co-aggregation has been seen with E. coli, K. pneumonia and P. aeruginosa (Figure 6). Antibiotic Sensitivity test The determination of antibiotic sensitivity of the isolate is an important prerequisite prior to considering it safe for human and animal consumption. The isolate was subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test. The results are given in Table 4. The isolate was resistant to most of the antibiotics used. According to earlier reports, specific antibiotic resistance traits among probiotic strains may be desirable21. It has been said by many authors that probiotics should be resistant to certain antibiotics when used along with antibiotics to prevent gastrointestinal disorders. Whereas others claim that antibiotics resistant probiotics used may serve as host of antibiotic resistance genes, which can be transferred to pathogenic bacteria. Antimicrobial Activity Test Antimicrobial activity helps to select the potential probiotics strains. Antimicrobial activity usually targets the intestinal pathogens. The isolate was examined for antibacterial activity. L. casei was grown with indicator microorganisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The antibacterial effect on the indicator microorganisms was determined by diameter of inhibition zones. Lactobacilli casei has a high ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. The degree of inhibition was highest in S. aureus, whereas the inhibition was moderate in E. coli, K. pneumonia and P. aeruginosa. The isolate could not inhibit the growth of spore forming B. subtilis. Conclusion: Lactobacillus casei has shown good survival in acidic pH, different bile concentrations, gastric juice and intestinal juice. The organism exhibited good survival in the presence of different antibiotics. The isolate is also able to inhibit the growth of different pathogenic microorganisms examined. All these characteristics of the organism will help it to survive in the stomach and proliferate in the intestine. This will help strains to reach the small intestine and colon and contributing to the balance of intestinal microflora.

The University Office of Information Technology :: Education Data Information Essays

The University Office of Information Technology Introduction In this paper I report on the history, mission, organization, finances, evaluation strategies, and current issues of a university’s office of information technology. I will use the term â€Å"office of information technology† throughout the paper. This term needs to be defined here because it is very general and each university seems to have a unique definition for it. Within this paper, office of information technology will refer to those areas of the university whose primary mission is to serve the information technology needs of the institution. Information technology needs include â€Å"that collection of technologies that enables data and knowledge to be stored and exchanged, assessed, displayed and communicated, and in some cases, synthesized and created.† (Iowa State University, 2000, p. 2). In other words, the computer hardware and software, communications hardware (phone and network) and software, media-related instructional technologies, and the organization needed to support this information technology infrastructure. These services touch the entire university and all its faculty, staff, and students. As with any administrative unit on campus, the organization of that unit will depend on the context in which it is set. Another term that I will use loosely in regard to the office of information technology is the university. While all institutions of higher education rely on information technology as a basic service to provide products to their clientele, I will try to keep my discussion and analysis confined to the concept of Kerr’s â€Å"multiversity†, or research university satisfying multiple goals. This is not to diminish the role of the office of information technology at smaller universities and colleges but only to focus this discussion. One area within a university that is often lumped into the â€Å"information† infrastructure is the library. While my definition does not include the library within the office of information technology, the technology used for many of its services is included. Lastly, I would like to preface the ideas presented within this paper through the perspective of Weick’s (1976) theory of loosely coupled systems. As discussed throughout, the office of information technology is a unit on campus that is intertwined with all other areas in some manner. Thus it must go beyond the â€Å"niche† perspective of individual units and departments and engage itself directly in the politics of the university as a loosely coupled system. As the reader will see, this has affected the history, mission, and organization of the office of information technology and is embedded in many of its

Ljb Company Essay

Introduction LJB Company has asked the accounting firm to evaluate their system of internal controls because of the plan to go public in the near future. The president wants to be aware of any new regulations required of his company if they go public. The current system of internal controls was explained to the accounting firm. Under SOX Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, all public traded U.S. corporations are required to maintain a sufficient system of internal controls. In order for this to be implemented all Corporate Executives and board of directors have to ensure that the controls are reliable and effective. With LJB Company incorporating the information from SOX act this will allow them reduce corporate fraud by making sure that all of the procedures for financial reporting is following in accordance to all guidelines. Internal Control Requirements In order for LJB Company to become a public trade, under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires a registered U.S. publicly traded company to have an independent audit committee as a part of its Board of Directors. My accounting firm recommends that since LJB is a small sized company in terms of its employees should reevaluate their costs versus the benefits of being a public traded company. If LJB decides to go public in the near future there will be some new internal control requirements. One of the factors of the internal control system is to ensure that the management is in control of its environment. Top management needs to make it clear and concise on what can and won’t be tolerated especially when it comes to the organizations values, mission statement and unethical behavior. The second factor of the internal control system is the company leading its control activities. The control activities are considered as the post that holds the company’s effort to address all risks that they may possibly face going public. One thing that the company may face is fraud and in order to reduce fraud, management has to create and build policies to address those specific risks. Strengths and Recommendations Since LJB Company is relatively small, they have an advantage over their competitors who are large companies. Being a small company due to its size of employees, one of the things they are doing right is being able to set expectations and implement those within the organization. As a smaller company, the accountant’s decision to switch to pre-numbered invoices and the purchase of an indelible ink machine was a good idea and investment. The pre-numbered invoices will prevent transactions from being recorded multiple times. With the internal control system this will require that the employees forward their source documents for the accounting entries. The indelible ink machine will help organize all of the accounting duties. We recommended that LJB Company purchase an indelible ink machine to print all employees and cut checks. With the indelible ink machine this will make it difficult for unauthorized users to endorse checks and be approved. This will cut down on fraud and theft within the company. Violations LJB Company is very susceptible to fraud due the weaknesses and threats presented in the day to day operations. The type of threats include: no human resource control, lack of cash control, and no duties defined for each individual. LJB Company is lacking in the separation of duties because the Treasurer and Controller functions is being done by the same person. Although these two duties are being performed by one person and stream lining the process this causes LJB to be susceptible to fraud and out of compliance with the SOX act requirements. Each of these duties should be performed two different individuals. LJB Company has lack of cash controls. The lack of cash control has to be watched because within LJB each employee has access to petty cash and that shouldn’t be the case. Access to petty cash should be restricted to authorized personnel only. Any time there is a disbursement from the petty cash there should be an original receipt and signature that received the reimbursement. LJB Company human resource controls are very limited. Within this company both the Accountant and President have to review and approve all of the new hires which is the process. If LJB had a proper human resource control there would be a function set in place for new hires by hiring someone with HR experience that has risk training. Having a more defined HR control resource this would allow the company to clearly define the different roles and responsibilities for each employee. Also with the HR resource all employees would go through background check, each employee be given their own username and password and be tracked with the activity report. Conclusion We believe that this assessment of the current controls of LJB Company and the recommendations provided will meet your expectations and allow your company to be a fully traded public company. To reinstate this problem; in order for LJB Company to become a public trade, under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires a registered U.S. publicly traded company to have an independent audit committee as a part of its Board of Directors. My accounting firm recommends that since LJB is a small sized company in terms of its employees should reevaluate their costs versus the benefits of being a public traded company. Works Cited Kimmel, Paul D.. Financial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making, 7th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 02/2013. .

A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, A Story of a Little Girl, Mary Frances Nolan

Betty Smith isn't well known for her many works, but the one book that almost everyone has heard about, is A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. In this novel she shows herself to be an author of great depth and knowledge; she gives us a peek into the complex human soul. This book gives great insight into life; it shows why many people strive to become someone better and how some people are able to move up to a better station in life even though there are tremendous odds and A Tree Grows in Brooklyn touches everyone's' hearts. It is about a little girl, Mary Frances Nolan (also known as Francie), growing up in the poorer part f Brooklyn with a drunken, singing waiter for a father. This father somehow always makes her feel so special and â€Å"normal†. She lives with her severely realistic mother, her father, and a brother(Neeley) who is privileged as the â€Å"favorite child†. Francie is treated poorly throughout school because she is so different and independent. Francie always kept to herself and was the silent studious type, which deepened the division between herself and the other of the At a very young age Francie learned how important money is as well as the division in society caused by money as well as education. Because of this division and Neeley's favoritism, Francie becomes the sole provider for the family after the her father's death. She goes to work straight after graduation from grade school and never gets to have the pleasure and luxury of a high school diploma, but that doesn't stop her from her dreams. Her dreams of moving up in the world, to a place were you don't have to worry about where your next meal comes from; a place where money doesn't necessarily make you rich. This may sound like a ridicules dream considering that today a high school diploma is mandatory for veryone. At this point in time; however, very few people, without wealth, were able to get a higher education or even be able to go to high school. Yet nothing can stop Francie from completing her dream. This wonderful book cuts right to the heart of life. It show the true American dream; the dream of higher education and a better and equal way of life for everyone. The novel tells this dream through one special girl who realizes that she can be and do better. If you don't read A Tree Grows in Brooklyn you will be denying yourself a rich experience of the true American dream.